Twyne’s Case And The Most Infamous Flock Of Sheep In Anglo-American Law

Article 2020 United_Kingdom Test_Intent_Badges Art200106TwynesCaseMostInfamousFlockSheepAngloAmericanLaw




Twine's Case is a case of much interest in fraudulent transfer law, largely because it is the case that first describes the so-called Badges of Fraud which significantly effected the development of Anglo-American fraudulent transfer law over the next four centuries.

We will examine the case shortly, but first a word of caution. In the era of 1601, when Twyne's Case was decided, the courts almost never gave the grounds for its decision in writing. Nor was there anything like a live transcription of the record of proceedings such as has been taken for granted in our courts for the last couple of centuries. Thus, there is no official record of the proceedings other than, in this case, the indictment and the result.

Instead, a person known as the reporter simply sat in on the court and took notes of whatever it seemed was interesting — to the reporter. It was also very common for the reporter to sit with the judges, and often the attorneys trying the case, at drinks and dinner at the local pub and hotel (often referred to as the "Inn of Court" wherever and whenever a court happened to be holding its proceedings), where cases were often openly discussed before the trial began, while the case was ongoing, and then afterwards as well. Thus, far from being a contemporaneous scrivner of the court's every word, a reporter of that era was much closer to a modern sports reporter who watches the game while doing live interviews to find out why it happened the way it did. The point being is that what the reporter is relating for future readers might contain substantial substance that was never discussed in court at all, but rather was picked up in late-night discussions at the pub. Further, a reporter's report on a particular case might not be drafted until some time after the case was decided, and then on the basis of the reporter's notes and memory.

Reporters of this time were also notorious for injecting their owns views of the law and facts into their opinions, whether that corresponded to those of the judges hearing the case or not, and usually without distinguishing their own opinions and characterizations of this, that, and the other thing from those of the judges. Lord Coke, who later would try Twyne's Case as the Queen's Attorney General and was himself perhaps the best known of all the reporters, had gained a reputation for injecting this own views as to what he thought the law should be into his law reports as the substance of the ruling, even when the court actually ruled on some other basis entirely. All of this means that four hundred plus years later, what of this decision was actually that of the court and what might have been added or subtracted by the reporter, cannot be accurately discerned with even the best OUIJA board.

Another point to be considered before we get to the opinion is that this case was tried in the Star Chamber, which in later years has come to be viewed (quite wrongly) as a sort of lawless place where the will of the Crown was arbitrarily imposed upon the disloyal without any regard to justice. This characterization is dangerously false. The Star Chamber was indeed a speciality court created to try those cases which involved higher crimes against the Crown, including breaches of the peace (which is what Twyne's Case is really all about), but generally the court strictly followed the law as it then existed, and its punishments were generally thought at the time to be less harsh than those of other criminal courts.

The Spanish Inquisition of torture and forced confessions, the Star Chamber was not. The bad reputation that the Star Chamber eventually got was mostly from its taking away (attainder) of lands from certain nobles who had chosen the wrong side in one or another of England's then-frequent political catharcisms — many of which nobles had themselves obtained those lands by way of previous attainders. If anything, the Star Chamber was generally more lenient in its punishments than those of the ordinary criminal courts.

If the circumstances surrounding the reporting of Twyne's Case are uncertain, the facts of that case do not appear to be. Our debtor there, Pierce, owed four hundred pounds to his buddy, Twyne, and another two hundred pounds to our Creditor (whose name is not divulged).

To prevent Creditor from collecting, Pierce entered into a secret deal with Twyne, whereby Pierce executed a general assignment of all his personal property, worth about three hundred pounds and which was mostly sheep, to Twyne in satisfaction of Pierce's four hundred pound debt to Twyne — but Pierce continued in possession of his property, identified the sheep with his own mark (and not Twyne's), and even sold some of the sheep for his own benefit.

To collect the debt, Creditor obtained a Writ directed to the Sheriff of Southampton to execute on Pierce's property. But when the Sheriff came out to take Pierce's sheep, Twyne directed his own men to forcibly resist the Sheriff and tell the Sheriff that Pierce's property was really Twyne's property now. Apparently, something approaching a riot between Twyne's men and the Sheriff next ensued, and at any rate the Sheriff returned the Writ unexecuted.

Creditor next alleged that Pierce had made a fraudulent transfer of his property to Twyne, which implicated the Fraudulent Conveyances Act of 1571, also known as Chapter 5 of the Statute of 13 Elizabeth (the Statute of 13 Elizabeth was actually a complication of diverse legislation that was subdivided by chapters, of which the fraudulent conveyances legislation was only the fifth such chapter). Very importantly, this Act declared a fraudulent transfer to be a crime against the Crown, and in the event a fraudulent transfer was avoided, half of the fraudulently-transferred property went to the Crown with the other half going to the victorious creditor. It is thus because both Twyne violated a law against the Crown by the making of a fraudulent transfer, and that the riot ensued in breach of the Queen's peace that the matter lands in the Star Chamber.

Ultimately, the court finds that Pierce's assignment of all his personal property to Twyne was in the nature of a fraudulent transfer, based primarily on six findings of suspicious facts surrounding the assignment:

First, Pierce had made a general assignment of all his personal property to Twyne, which did not exclude such things that a person would normally exclude in such an assignment, such as personal clothing.

Second, even after the assignment, Pierce continued to treat all the properties as his own, even as to buying and selling sheep, such that if the assignment were valid then Pierce had effectively defrauded both sellers to him and buyers from him alike.

Third, Pierce's assignment to Twyne was made in secret, and secret transactions inherently give rise to suspicions as to their validity.

Fourth, Pierce made the assignment to Twyne while the Writ to the Sheriff of Southampton was pending.

Fifth, Pierce and Twyne effectively had an agreement that Twyne would hold Pierce's property for him in trust, "and fraud is always apparelled and clad with a trust, and a trust is a cover of fraud."

Sixth, the deed for the sheep given by Pierce to Twyne recited that the transaction "was made honestly, truly and bona fide", and the inclusion of such a clause under the circumstances was thought to also be suspicious.

The court also found that Pierce did indeed owe four hundred pounds to Twyne, and further that if Pierce had transferred his property to Twyne in exchange for partial satisfaction of that debt that such would have been "good consideration" for the transfer. The court further noted that it would have been just fine for Pierce to have preferred one of his creditors (Twyne) over the other (Creditor) under these circumstances.

The problem here, however, was that Pierce really didn't use the transfer to Twyne to pay off or down his debt to Twyne. Instead, Pierce and Twyne had an agreement that Twyne would appear to receive Pierce's property, but Pierce would continue to be the de facto owner of the property and control that property, and their transaction was only to thwart the Creditor's efforts to collect the two hundred pound debt against Pierce. Thus, this wasn't a case at all of Pierce simply preferring one creditor to another.

To this end, the court stated that if there had been a real satisfaction of Pierce's debt to Twyne, then three things should have occurred: (1) The satisfaction would have occurred openly and not in secret; (2) Pierce's property should have been appraised so that the precise amount of the satisfaction could be determined; and (3) Twyne would have actually taken possession of the property and Pierce would have had nothing further to do with it, much less treat it as his own. Failing these three things, the court could not conclude that Pierce's transfers to Twyne were actually in satisfaction of Pierce's debt to Twyne.

The court took this line of reasoning further, pointing out that if there was an agreement between Pierce and Twyne that the latter would simply hold the former's assets, then there could be no good consideration for the transfer. Otherwise, what you end up with is a trust per nomen speciosum (a specious trust), which "is in truth, as to all the creditors, a fraud, for they are thereby defeated and defrauded of their true and due debts."

Looking at the Statute of 13 Elizabeth, the Court noted the preamble that fraud and deceit to cheat creditors had gotten out of hand, which was why that Act was passed, and therefore the Act "should be liberally and beneficially expounded to suppress the fraud." This is what we would call today a legislative mandate to expansively interpret the Act to achieve its purposes; in this case, of defeating debtors' attempts to fraudulently transfer their assets in derogation of creditors' rights.

Precedential decisions being of arguably more importance to the courts of that era than even today, the court cited to a case arising before the Exchequer Court (roughly analogous to today's tax court since it largely heard treasury matters), being Pauncefoot v. Blunt. In that case, Pauncefoot had apparently decided not to render the Queen some service, and to flee abroad so that he could not be punished. But, on the way out the door, Pauncefoot transferred away his property to others so that it could not be forfeited to the Crown. In that case, Pauncefoot's transfers were avoided because he had the intent to cheat his creditor, i.e., the Crown.

Similarly, in Standen v. Bullock, the Court of Common Pleas (what amounted to England's civil courts) set aside a transfer because the transferor had retained a right to revoke the transfer, although it is unclear whether this case even involved a creditor. In Lee v. Colshil, another case before the Court of Common Pleas, Colshil was in debt to Smith to the tune of a thousand marks, and had promised Smith than when Colshil died that his creditors would repay Smith three hundred pounds. Colshil then died, but Smith was not paid his three hundred pounds. However, Colshil's obligation to Smith was later determined to be void. Apparently, this case also involved a right to revoke the transfer, and such powers of revocation are in fraud on purchasers. (Apparently, these two cases were meant to demonstrate that if the debtor could revoke a transfer, such as could be expected with a fraudulent transfer when creditors had gone away, then the transfer is of no effect as to creditors.)

More to the point, the court then looked at a third case before the Court of Common Pleas, being Upton v. Bassett, where the court held that a debtor could not make a transfer to defeat the pre-existing rights of another creditor, but if the transferee gave good consideration for the transfer then the transfer could not be avoided, i.e., this states part of the modern transferee's good faith for value defense.

The court then look at yet a fourth case, Nedham v. Beaumont, which was heard in the Court of Chancery (the court of equity). In that case, Babington entered into a deal with Lord Darcy whereby Lord Darcy would advance the interests of Babington's male heirs and also allow Babington to use a certain manor for life. Lord Darcy apparently held up his end of the bargain, but Babington did not, and instead attempted to lease the manor to Heys. This transfer was avoided.

In modern times, one would expect a summation that ties all this together in some neat form, but that is not what we get. Instead, the reporter, who apparently simply grew tired of writing, next blandly states that: "And by the judgment of the whole Court, Twyne was convicted of fraud and all the others of a riot."

What we get out of Twyne's Case is mostly law that is not new, such that a transfer meant to cheat creditors may be avoided, and that a transferee who pays good consideration for the transfer may assert that in defense. What is new is the court's recognition to the effect that debtors who are trying to cheat their creditors will always have some cover story to deny that fact, and instead of simply adopting the debtor's subjective and self-serving denials the court should look to the surrounding circumstances (the Badges of Fraud) to objectively determine the debtor's actual intention in making the transfer.

That is very good law even today. How the Badges of Fraud came to be repeatedly mishandled, and mechanically and thoughtlessly applied, over the next four centuries and even today presents a much less desirable depiction of modern fraudulent transfer law.









AI Synopsis


♦ Twyne's Case, decided in 1601, is significant for being the first case to define the "Badges of Fraud," a set of suspicious circumstances used to determine the true intent behind a transfer of property. This concept significantly shaped Anglo-American fraudulent transfer law for centuries. (A) The Case: (1) Debtor: Pierce owed Twyne £400 and another creditor £200. (2 Transfer: Pierce secretly assigned all his property (sheep) to Twyne, supposedly to satisfy the £400 debt. (3) Fraud: Pierce continued to possess and use the sheep, even selling some. He claimed the transfer was legitimate, but it was meant to prevent the other creditor from collecting. (4) Court: The Star Chamber found the transfer fraudulent based on six "Badges of Fraud" (including secrecy, Pierce's continued possession, and a misleading clause in the deed). (B) The Importance of Twyne's Case: (1) Badges of Fraud: The case introduced the concept of examining the circumstances surrounding a transfer to uncover a debtor's true intent, even if they claimed a legitimate reason. (2) Prevention of Fraud: The court emphasized the importance of interpreting the law expansively to prevent debtors from defrauding creditors. (3) Precedent: The court cited previous cases where transfers were avoided due to the debtor's intent to cheat, showcasing a growing understanding of fraudulent transfers. (C) Challenges in Understanding Twyne's Case: (1) Unreliable Records: The lack of official records makes it difficult to pinpoint the court's exact reasoning. (2) Reporter's Bias: The reporter might have injected their own opinions and interpretations, making it challenging to separate the court's actual ruling from the reporter's perspective. (D) Legacy: Twyne's Case established a key principle in fraudulent transfer law: focusing on the objective circumstances surrounding a transfer, rather than simply accepting the debtor's explanation. The "Badges of Fraud" concept, though sometimes misinterpreted and applied mechanically, continues to be relevant in modern fraudulent transfer cases. ♦