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VOIDABLE TRANSACTIONS & FRAUDULENT TRANSFERS
GUAM FRAUDULENT TRANSFER LAWS
Guam Fraudulent Transfer Laws
{ Check Currency - Current Only As Of January 1, 2020 }
20 G.C.A. §S 6101, et seq.
§ 6101. Transfers, Etc., Defraud Creditors.
(Information regarding effective dates, repeals, etc. is provided subsequently in this document.)
Every transfer of property or charge thereon made, every obligation incurred, and every judicial proceeding taken, with intent to delay or defraud any creditor or other person of his demands, is void against all creditors of the debtor, and their successors in interest, and against any person upon whom the estate of the debtor devolves in trust for the benefit of others than the debtor.
§ 6102. Creditor’s Rights Judicially Determined.
(Information regarding effective dates, repeals, etc. is provided subsequently in this document.)
A creditor can avoid the act or obligation of his debtor for fraud only where the fraud obstructs the enforcement, by legal process, of his right to take the property affected by the transfer or obligation.
§ 6103. Question of Fraud, How Determined.
(Information regarding effective dates, repeals, etc. is provided subsequently in this document.)
In all cases arising under 21 GCA § 41101 [Void Instruments, purchases], or under the provisions of this Chapter, except as otherwise provided in 7 GCA § 50500 [Transfers, Etc., Defraud Creditors], the question of fraudulent intent is one of fact and not of law; nor can any transfer or charge be adjudged fraudulent solely on the ground that it was not made for a valuable consideration; provided, however, that any transfer or encumbrance of property made or given voluntarily, or without a valuable consideration, by a party while insolvent or in contemplation of insolvency, shall be fraudulent, and void as to existing creditors.
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9 G.C.A. § 46.55
§ 46.55. Defrauding Creditors; Defined & Punished.
(Information regarding effective dates, repeals, etc. is provided subsequently in this document.)
(a) A person commits an offense, he:
(1) destroys, removes, conceals, encumbers, transfers or otherwise deals with property subject to a security interest with intent to defeat enforcement of that security interest;
(2) sells, assigns, exchanges, secretes, injures, destroys or otherwise disposes of any property upon which he has previously executed a mortgage or any instrument that operates as such, with intent to defraud the mortgages or a purchaser thereof;
(3) secretes, removes, assigns, conveys or otherwise disposes of his property with intent to defraud a judgment creditor or to prevent that property from being made liable for the payment of his debts;
(4) with intent to defraud, buys, receives, conceals or aids in concealing personal property, knowing it or any interest therein to be hired, leased or held as collateral security; or
(5) Intentionally sells, mortgages, conveys, conceals or aids in concealing personal property received by him upon a written conditional sale or lease agreement, or any other written agreement by which it or any interest therein is held as collateral security, before performance of any conditions precedent to acquiring the title thereto (A) without the consent in writing of the conditional seller, lessor or other holder of the security interest or (B) without disclosure to any buyer or transferee of the existence and terms of the conditional sale, lease or security agreement.
(b) An offense under this Section is a felony of the third degree if the value of the property which is the subject of the offense exceeds Ten Thousand Dollars in value. Otherwise the offense is a misdemeanor.
COMMENT: Section 46.55 supersedes Penal Code §§ 154, 155, 502a, and 502b. This Section is necessary because the statutes dealing with theft are framed in terms of property of another, the term being defined to exclude the subject matter of this Section. Section 46.55 deviates from the Model Penal Code by upgrading the offense to a third degree felony where the property which is the subject of the offense exceeds $10,000 in value.
Section 46.55 also includes within its scope the buyer and receiver of the property if he has acted with the requisite intent to defraud.
§ 46.60. Fraud in Insolvency; Defined & Punished.
(Information regarding effective dates, repeals, etc. is provided subsequently in this document.)
(a) A person commits a misdemeanor, if, with intent to defraud a creditor and with knowledge either that proceedings have been or are about to be instituted for the appointment of an administrator or that a composition agreement or other arrangement for the benefit of creditors has been or is about to be made, he:
(1) conveys, transfers, removes, conceals, destroys encumbers or otherwise disposes of any part of or any interest in the debtor’s estate;
(2) obtains any substantial part of or interest in the debtor’s estate;
(3) presents to any creditor or to the administrator any writing or record relating to the debtor’s estate or to a creditor’s claim, knowing the writing or record to contain a false material statement;
(4) fails or refuses to disclose any information that he is required by law to furnish to the administrator regarding the existence, amount or location of any part of or any interest in the debtor’s estate; or
(5) misrepresents any information furnished to the administrator regarding the existence, amount or location of any part of or any interest in the debtor’s estate.
(b) As used in this Section, Aadministrator means an assignee or trustee for the benefit of creditors, a conservator, a receiver or any other person entitled to administer property for the benefit of creditors.
COMMENT: A new Section. This Section is narrowly drawn in that the defendant must have an intent to defraud a creditor, although not necessarily his own, and must know of the actual or impending appointing of an administrator in an insolvency proceeding, or that a composition or other arrangement for the benefit of creditors has been or is about to be made.
Considering the large number of bankruptcies and insolvencies which have been occurring on Guam, this Section could be of some use.
RECENT ARTICLES
2020.06.30 ... Attorney Fees Held Awardable Under Nevada Fraudulent Transfer Law In Morgan Stanley Opinion
2020.06.11 ... Bank That Was Financially Involved With Debtor Gets Caught Up In Fraudulent Transfer Case In Wilson
2020.05.21 ... Utah Supreme Court Rejects Mixed Motive Test For Intentional Fraudulent Transfers In Jones Case
2020.01.06 ... Twyne’s Case And The Most Infamous Flock Of Sheep In Anglo-American Law
2019.12.07 ... New York Finally Modernizes Its Fraudulent Transfer Laws By Adopting The Uniform Voidable Transactions Act
2019.10.29 ... Repeal Of Kentucky’s Fraudulent Transfer Law In Favor Of UVTA Causes Headaches In Orchard
2019.10.19 ... Texas Homestead Gets Constitutional Protection From Fraudulent Transfer Claim In Lapides
Many more articles on voidable transactions law found here
UVTA - LOGICAL ORGANIZATION
(Designed For Litigators)
Click here to go to the Voidable Transactions Decision Chart
Overview of UVTA -- The process and result
Learn The Vocabulary Of The Act (Main Page)
Has A Voidable Transaction Occurred? (Main Page)
Does The Transferee Have A Defense? (Main Page)
What Remedies Are Available? (Main Page)
Other Helpful Provisions (Main Page)
UVTA - NUMERICAL ORGANIZATION
(Confusing & Difficult To Use)
The Uniform Law Commission's complete copy of the UVTA with comments in PDF format is available here. The webpage for the UVTA, showing states that have enacted and much other information regarding the Act is found here.
1 - Definitions
(1) Affiliate -- (2) Asset -- (3) Claim -- (4) Creditor -- (5) Debt -- (6) Debtor -- (7) Electronic -- (8) Insider -- (9) Lien -- (10) Organization -- (11) Person -- (12) Property -- (13) Record -- (14) Relative -- (15) Sign -- (16) Transfer -- (17) Valid Lien
2 - Insolvency - How insolvency is calculated
3 - Value - Issues relating to calculating value
4 - Transfer Or Obligation Voidable As To Present Or Future Creditor
(a)(1) {Intent Test} - To hinder, delay or defraud any creditor
(a)(2)(i) {Overextending Insolvency Test} - The debtor engages in a transaction for which it does not have the financial strength
(a)(2)(ii) {Sinking Insolvency Test} - The debtor is not technically insolvent but headed for insolvency
(b) {Badges of Fraud} - Circumstances available to prove the debtor's intent
5 - Transfer or Obligation Voidable As To Present Creditor
(a) {Insolvency Test} - The test preferred by creditors
(b) {Insider Preference Test} - Not really a fraudulent transfer test at all
6 - When Transfer Is Made Or Obligation Is Incurred - Determines the time of the transfer
7 - Remedies Of Creditor
{Non-Money Judgment Remedies} - Avoidance, attachment, etc.
8 - Defenses, Liability, And Protection Of Transferee Or Obligee
{Main Provisions} -The transferee's good faith for-value defense
(b) and (c) {Money Judgment Remedy} - Alternative remedy for creditors when avoidance is not good enough
9 - Extinguishment Of Claim For Relief - Similar to Statutes of Limitation
10 - Governing Law - Conflicts of Laws provisions
11 - Application To Series Organization - Applies to intra-series transfers
12 - Supplementary Provisions - Allows application of other law to issues unresolved by the UVTA
13 - Uniformity Of Application And Construction - Court opinions from other states may be looked to for guidance
14 - Relation To Electronic Signatures In Global And National Commerce - Waste of statutory space
15 - Short Title - From fraudulent transfers to voidable transactions
16 - Repeals; Conforming Amendment - Information for enacting legislatures
OTHER SOURCES OF
FRAUDULENT TRANSFER LAW
Fraudulent Transfers In Bankruptcy - Main Page
28 U.S.C. § 3301, et seq. - Where United States is the creditor
Common Law Fraudulent Transfer - Still exists in most states
Criminal Statutes -- Jurisdictions that criminalize fraudulent transfers
Fraudulent Conveyances Act of 1571 a/k/a Statute of 13 Elizabeth - The medieval statute to which the modern American UVTA traces some of its roots.
Statutes Of The U.S. Jurisdictions -- State and Territorial Voidable Transaction and Fraudulent Transfer Laws
TOPICAL COURT OPINIONS
DEFINITIONS
Creditor Definition - Court opinions on the definition of creditor
Debtor Insider Affiliate Relative Organization Person Definitions - Court opinions on the definitions of debtor, insider, etc.
Claim And Debt Definitions - Court opinions on the definitions of claim and debt
Asset And Property Definitions - Court opinions on the definitions of assets and property
Lien And Valid Lien Definitions - Court opinions on the definitions of lien and valid lien
Transfer Definition - Court opinions on the definition of transfer
Value And Reasonably Equivalent Value (REV) Definition - Court opinions on the definitions of value and reasonably equivalent value
Insolvency Definition - Court opinions on the definition of insolvency
TESTS
Insolvency Test - Court opinions relating to the Insolvency Test
Insider Preference Test - Court opinions relating to the Insider Preference Test
Overextending Insolvency Test - Court opinions relating to the Overextending Insolvency Test
Sinking Insolvency Test - Court opinions relating to the Sinking Insolvency Test
Intent Test - Court opinions relating to the Intent Test
Badges Of Fraud - Court opinions relating to the Badges of Fraud
DEFENSES
Extinguishment Periods a/k/a (incorrectly) Statute Of Limitations - Court opinions relating to the extinguishment periods
Transferee Good Faith - Court opinions relating to the transferee good faith for-value defense
REMEDIES
Non-Money Remedies - Court opinions relating to avoidance and other non-money remedies
Money Judgment Remedies - Court opinions relating to money judgments
Attorney Fees -- Court opinions relating to awards of attorney fees
Punitive Damages - Court opinions relating to punitive and exemplary damages
OTHER
Burdens of Proof - Court opinions relating to the burdens of proof
Conflict Of Laws - Court opinions relating to conflict of laws
Uniformity - Court opinions relating to uniformity with the laws of other jurisdictions
Supplementary Law - Court opinions relating to the interplay of the UVTA with other law
Jurisdictional Issues - Court opinions relating to jurisdiction of UVTA actions.
BANKRUPTCY
Section 548 - Court opinions relating to 11 USC 548
OTHER RESOURCES
OTHER INFORMATIONAL WEBSITES
by Jay Adkisson
Voidable Transactions:
Fraudulent Transfers In American Law
by Jay D. Adkisson (Available 2021)
Contact Jay Adkisson:
Phone: 702-953-9617 Fax: 877-698-0678 jay [at] jayad.com
Unless a dire emergency, please send me an e-mail first in lieu of calling to set up a telephone appointment for a date and time certain.
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© 2021 Jay D. Adkisson. All rights reserved. No claim to government works or the works of the Uniform Law Commission. The information contained in this website is for general educational purposes only, does not constitute any legal advice or opinion, and should not be relied upon in relation to particular cases. Use this information at your own peril; it is no substitute for the legal advice or opinion of an attorney licensed to practice law in the appropriate jurisdiction. This site https://voidabletransactions.com Contact: jay [at] jayad.com or by phone to 702-953-9617 or by fax to 877-698-0678.